Judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty

In the application of the group's accounting policies, the directors are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates. These estimated and assumptions include

• The volatility and forfeiture rates used in calculating the cost associated with the share based payments.
•  The Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) on the business combination of 53 Degrees North Engineering Ltd which is a complex accounting area subject to key estimates and judgments mainly in relation to completeness intangible assets and fair valuation of assets and liabilities acquired.
•  The discount rate and useful economic life (UEL) when valuing customer relationships within the PPA exercise.
•  The assumptions applied when determining the qualifying costs for development cost capitalisation and whether the costs are expected to be recoverable.
• Consulting revenue includes work in progress, which involves estimates and judgements and affects revenue recognised in the period.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised where the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods where the revision affects both current and future periods.

Directors' have made estimates and judgments with regards to above listed areas which are based on their best estimations made under FRS 102.

Revenue recognition

Turnover is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for goods supplied and services rendered, net of discounts and Value Added Tax.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to the buyer (usually on despatch of the goods); the amount of revenue can be measured reliably; it is probable that the associated economic benefits will flow to the entity; and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transactions can be measured reliably.

The Company's revenue streams for the current period include the following:

Platform Services
The Group provides a platform setup service that includes the delivery of hardware and related engineering consulting services. Revenue from services is recognised at the point in time when the services are delivered, reflecting the transfer of control of the setup and completion of the performance obligations under the contract.

Platform recurring revenue
The Group generates recurring revenue from customers subscribing to its machine learning platform. Subscription fees are typically charged on a monthly or annual basis for access to the platform's features and functionality. Revenue is recognised over time on a straight-line basis over the subscription period, reflecting the continuous transfer of services to the customer. This approach is consistent with standard Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) revenue recognition practices, whereby access to the platform represents a series of distinct services provided evenly over the contract term.

Royalty Fees
Royalty fees are invoiced quarterly and recognised as revenue in line with the point at which the licensor has made the sales to third parties, as this represents the point at which the income becomes receivable. During the period, royalty fees were received only from 53 Degrees North Ltd., which licensed the intellectual property (IP) of IntelliAM AI Plc to sell software to customers. After 30^th September 53 Degrees North Ltd continued to license the IP on a royalty free basis.

Other revenue

Other revenue is linked to revenue not categorised by the above definitions. In FY25 this was linked to grant income. Revenue was recognised on invoicing which followed strict guidelines for deliverables.

Consulting services

The Group provides engineering consulting services on a contracted or project basis with associated hardware and training services. Revenue from contracts for the provision of professional services is recognised by reference to the stage of completion when the stage of completion, costs incurred and costs to complete can be estimated reliably. The stage of completion is calculated by comparing costs incurred, mainly in relation to contractual hourly staff rates and materials, as a proportion of total costs. Where the outcome cannot be estimated reliably, revenue is recognised only to the extent of the expenses recognised that it is probable will be recovered.

Income tax

The taxation expense represents the aggregate amount of current and deferred tax recognised in the reporting period. Tax is recognised in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, tax is recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

Current tax is recognised on taxable profit for the current and past periods. Current tax is measured at the amounts of tax expected to pay or recover using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences at the reporting date.  Unrelieved tax losses and other deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits. Deferred tax is measured using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date that are expected to apply to the reversal of the timing difference.

Operating leases

Lease payments are recognised as an expense over the lease term on a straight-line basis. The aggregate benefit of lease incentives is recognised as a reduction to expense over the lease term, on a straight-line basis.

Goodwill

Goodwill arises on business acquisitions and represents the excess of the cost of the acquisition over the company's interest in the net amount of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the acquired business.

Goodwill is measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. It is amortised on a straight-line basis over its useful life. Where a reliable estimate of the useful life of goodwill or intangible assets cannot be made, the life is presumed not to exceed ten years.

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to the cash-generating units expected to benefit from the acquisition. Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit.

Intangible assets other than goodwill

Intangible assets are initially recorded at cost, and are subsequently stated at cost less any accumulated amortisation and impairment losses.  Any intangible assets carried at revalued amounts, are recorded at the fair value at the date of revaluation, as determined by reference to an active market, less any subsequent accumulated amortisation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses.

Intangible assets acquired as part of a business combination are only recognised separately from goodwill when they arise from contractual or other legal rights, are separable, the expected future economic benefits are probable and the cost or value can be measured reliably.

Amortisation

Amortisation is calculated so as to write off the cost of an asset, less its estimated residual value, over the useful life of that asset as follows:

If there is an indication that there has been a significant change in amortisation rate, useful life or residual value of an intangible asset, the amortisation is revised prospectively to reflect the new estimates.

Research and development

Research expenditure is written off in the period in which it is incurred.

Development expenditure incurred is capitalised as an intangible asset only when all of the following criteria are met:

·     It is technically feasible to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

·     There is the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

·     There is the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

·     The use or sale of the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

·     There are adequate technical, financial and other resources available to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

·     The expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development can be measured reliably.

Expenditure that does not meet the above criteria is expensed as incurred.

Following initial recognition, product developments are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses. The useful lives of these intangible assets are assessed to have a finite life of five years. Amortisation is charged on assets with finite lives, and until economic benefit can be received and recognised, this expense is taken to the income statement and useful lives are reviewed on an annual basis. Amortisation is charged from the point when the asset is available for use.

Other development expenditures that do not meet these criteria are recognised as an expense as incurred. Capitalised development costs are recorded as intangible assets and amortised from the point at which they are ready for use on a straight-line basis over their useful life.

The following key judgements and estimates have been applied in determining the treatment of internally generated intangible assets:

·       Capitalisation: Management exercises judgement in determining the point at which development costs meet the criteria for capitalisation under FRS 102 Section 18.

·       Amortisation: The useful life of the intangible asset is based on management's best estimate of the period over which future economic benefits will be derived.

·       Impairment: The carrying amount of the intangible asset is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Tangible assets

Tangible assets are initially recorded at cost, and subsequently stated at cost less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Any tangible assets carried at revalued amounts are recorded at the fair value at the date of revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses.

An increase in the carrying amount of an asset as a result of a revaluation, is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity, except to the extent it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognised in profit or loss. A decrease in the carrying amount of an asset as a result of revaluation, is recognised in other comprehensive income to the extent of any previously recognised revaluation increase accumulated in equity in respect of that asset. Where a revaluation decrease exceeds the accumulated revaluation gains accumulated in equity in respect of that asset, the excess shall be recognised in profit or loss.

Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated so as to write off the cost or valuation of an asset, less its residual value, over the useful economic life of that asset as follows:

Investments

Fixed asset investments are initially recorded at cost, and subsequently stated at cost less any accumulated impairment losses.

Listed investments are measured at fair value with changes in fair value being recognised in profit or loss.

Investments in associates

Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting, whereby the investment is initially recognised at the transaction price and subsequently adjusted to reflect the group's share of the profit or loss, other comprehensive income and equity of the associate.

Investments in joint ventures

Investments in joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method of accounting, whereby the investment is initially recognised at the transaction price and subsequently adjusted to reflect the group's share of the profit or loss, other comprehensive income and equity of the joint venture.

Impairment of fixed assets

A review for indicators of impairment is carried out at each reporting date, with the recoverable amount being estimated where such indicators exist. Where the carrying value exceeds the recoverable amount, the asset is impaired accordingly. Prior impairments are also reviewed for possible reversal at each reporting date.

For the purposes of impairment testing, when it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, an estimate is made of the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. The cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that includes the asset and generates cash inflows that largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets.

For impairment testing of goodwill, the goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of the cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the company are assigned to those units.

Stocks

Stocks are measured at the lower of cost and estimated selling price less costs to complete and sell. Cost includes all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the stock to its present location and condition.

Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the entity has an obligation at the reporting date as a result of a past event, it is probable that the entity will be required to transfer economic benefits in settlement and the amount of the obligation can be estimated reliably. Provisions are recognised as a liability in the statement of financial position and the amount of the provision as an expense.

Provisions are initially measured at the best estimate of the amount required to settle the obligation at the reporting date and subsequently reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate of the amount that would be required to settle the obligation. Any adjustments to the amounts previously recognised are recognised in profit or loss unless the provision was originally recognised as part of the cost of an asset. When a provision is measured at the present value of the amount expected to be required to settle the obligation, the unwinding of the discount is recognised as a finance cost in profit or loss in the period it arises.

Financial instruments

A financial asset or a financial liability is recognised only when the company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Basic financial instruments are initially recognised at the transaction price, unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where it is recognised at the present value of the future payments discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument.

Debt instruments are subsequently measured at amortised cost.

Where investments in non-convertible preference shares and non-puttable ordinary shares or preference shares are publicly traded or their fair value can otherwise be measured reliably, the investment is subsequently measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss. All other such investments are subsequently measured at cost less impairment.

Other financial instruments, including derivatives, are initially recognised at fair value, unless payment for an asset is deferred beyond normal business terms or financed at a rate of interest that is not a market rate, in which case the asset is measured at the present value of the future payments discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument.

Other financial instruments are subsequently measured at fair value, with any changes recognised in profit or loss, with the exception of hedging instruments in a designated hedging relationship.

Financial assets that are measured at cost or amortised cost are reviewed for objective evidence of impairment at the end of each reporting date. If there is objective evidence of impairment, an impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss immediately.

For all equity instruments regardless of significance, and other financial assets that are individually significant, these are assessed individually for impairment. Other financial assets are either assessed individually or grouped on the basis of similar credit risk characteristics.

Any reversals of impairment are recognised in profit or loss immediately, to the extent that the reversal does not result in a carrying amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the carrying amount would have been had the impairment not previously been recognised.

Defined contribution plans

Contributions to defined contribution plans are recognised as an expense in the period in which the related service is provided. Prepaid contributions are recognised as an asset to the extent that the prepayment will lead to a reduction in future payments or a cash refund.

When contributions are not expected to be settled wholly within 12 months of the end of the reporting date in which the employees render the related service, the liability is measured on a discounted present value basis. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as a finance cost in profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

Share-based payments

Equity-settled share-based payment transactions are measured at fair value at the date of grant. The fair value is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in equity. This is based upon the company's estimate of the shares or share options that will eventually vest which takes into account all vesting conditions and non-market performance conditions, with adjustments being made where new information indicates the number of shares or share options expected to vest differs from previous estimates.

Fair value is determined using an appropriate pricing model. All market conditions and non-vesting conditions are taken into account when estimating the fair value of the shares or share options. As long as all other vesting conditions are satisfied, no adjustment is made irrespective of whether market or non-vesting conditions are met.

Where the terms of an equity-settled transaction are modified, an expense is recognised as if the terms had not been modified. In addition, an expense is recognised for any increase in the fair value of the transaction, as measured at the date of modification.

Where an equity-settled transaction is cancelled or settled, it is treated as if it had vested on the date of cancellation or settlement, and any expense not yet recognised in profit or loss is expensed immediately.

Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the purchase method.

The cost of a business combination is measured as the aggregate of the fair values, at the acquisition date, of assets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued plus any costs directly attributable to the business combination.

Where control is achieved in stages, the cost of the business combination is the aggregate of the fair values of the assets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued at the date of each transaction in the series.

Where the business combination requires an adjustment to the cost contingent on future events, the estimated amount of that adjustment is included in the cost of the combination at the acquisition date providing it is probable and can be measured reliably. Where it is not recognised at the acquisition date but subsequently becomes probable and can be measured reliably, the additional consideration is treated as an adjustment to the cost of the combination. If such expected future events do not occur, or the estimate needs to be revised, the cost of the business combination is adjusted accordingly. The unwinding of any discounting is recognised as a finance cost in profit or loss in the period it arises.

4       Turnover

The whole of the turnover is derived from the United Kingdom.  An analysis of turnover by business operation is given below:

The majority of sales is derived from the UK. In the period £125,944 were non UK sales for the Group (2024 (Company) £NIL)

5          Operating loss

Operating profit or loss is stated after charging/crediting:

6          Exceptional costs

Exceptional items are items that management consider should be separately identified on the face of the income statement to assist in the understanding the underlying financial performance of the Group.

7          Staff costs

The average number of persons employed by the group during the year, including the directors, amounted to:

The aggregate payroll costs incurred during the year, relating to the above, were:

8          Directors' remuneration

The directors' aggregate remuneration in respect of qualifying services was:

The number of directors for whom retirement benefits are accruing under defined contribution schemes was: 3.

The highest paid director received total emoluments of £247,115 (2024: £NIL), including £1,800 in pension contributions (2024: £NIL) and £5,327 in share-based payments (2024: £NIL).

9          Other interest receivable and similar income

10        Interest payable and similar expenses

11        Tax on loss

            Major components of tax income

The actual credit for the period can be reconciled to the expected credit for the period based on the profit or loss and the standard rate of tax as follows: